Resumen: En San Juan de Pasto, zona de alta sismicidad, las edificaciones en tierra constituyen un valor de interés cultural de la nación; la mayoría de las edificaciones históricas en Colombia son de este tipo, como el teatro Imperial (1922). Por lo anterior, es un reto para la ingeniería colombiana y para el Ministerio de Cultura, determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica para regular la protección del patrimonio; sin embargo, la Norma Sismo Resistente del país no reglamenta el análisis y recuperación estructural por falta de investigación. Este artículo ofrece como respuesta, la evaluación estática y dinámica de los materiales a la luz de las estructuras, para determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de la tapia. Así, se resuelve con caracterización físico mecánicamediante la mecánica de la fractura y ensayos de velocidades ultrasónicas, para proyectar métodos de consolidación con base en un análisis no lineal y obtener las curvas con capacidad de desempeño, la relación media de daño y propiciar métodos de consolidación con criterios de respuesta sísmica, índice de sobre esfuerzos, y costos de intervención a que están condicionados.

Abstract: In San Juan de Pasto, an area of high seismicity, the buildings on land constitute a value of the nation’s cultural interest; Most of the historical buildings in Colombia are of this type, such as the Imperial Theater (1922). Therefore, it is a challenge for Colombian engineering and for the Ministry of Culture to determine seismic vulnerability to regulate the protection of heritage; however, the Sismo Resistente Norm of Colombia does not regulate structural analysis and recovery due to lack of research. This article offers as response the static and dynamic evaluation of the materials, in light of the structures to determine the seismic vulnerability of the wall, this is resolved with the mechanical physical characterization by the mechanics of the fracture, ultrasonic speed tests, for project consolidation methods, based on a non-linear analysis and obtain the curves with performance capacity, the average damage ratio, and thus promote consolidation methods with seismic response criteria, over-eff ort index, and intervention costs They are conditioned.

Resumo: Em San Juan de Pasto, uma área de alta sismicidade, os edifícios em terra constituem um valor do interesse cultural da nação; A maioria dos edifícios históricos da Colômbia são desse tipo, como o Teatro Imperial (1922). Portanto, é um desafio para a engenharia colombiana epara o Ministério da Cultura determinar a vulnerabilidade sísmica para regular a proteção do patrimônio; no entanto, a Norma Sismo Resistente de Colombiana não regulamenta a análise estrutural e a recuperação devido à falta de pesquisa. Este artigo oferece como resposta a avaliação estática e dinâmica dos materiais, à luz das estruturas para determinar a vulnerabilidade sísmica da parede, esta é resolvida com a caracterização física mecânica pela mecânica da fratura, testes de velocidade ultra-sônica, por métodos de consolidação de projeto, baseados em uma análise não linear e obter as curvas com capacidade de desempenho, a taxa média de danos e, assim, promover métodos de consolidação com critérios de resposta sísmica, índice de esforço excessivo e custos de intervenção Eles são condicionados.

RESUMEN Se analiza en este trabajo el intento de reducir los indios chilenos a pueblos y la acción bélica del lonko Curiñancu (1766) como respuesta a dicha política. El artículo aporta nuevos antecedentes para la comprensión de dicho malón utilizando los Parlamentos hispano-indígenas y un memorial inédito escrito en 1765 y encontrado en el Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid (“Manifiesto que acredita las utilidades que se conseguirán en reducir los indios chilenos a vivir en población, los medios de conseguirlo y condiciones con que se ha de practicar”).

SUMMARY The attempt to slash Chilean Indians to towns and the warlike action of Lonko Curiñancu (1766) as an answer to that policy are analyzed in this paper. This article provides new antecedents to the Malón comprehension by using both the Hispanic-indigenous parliaments and an unprecedented memo written on 1765, which was found in the National Historic Archive of Madrid “Declaration that states the profits that would be gotten by slashing the Chilean indigenous to live in community, the means to reach it and the conditions to be practiced”.

RESUMO Neste trabalho é analisada a tentativa de reduzir os indios chilenos para povos e a agáo de guerreira do lonko Curiñancu (1766) em resposta á referida política. O artigo fornece novos antecedentes para a compreensáo da multidáo usando os Parlamentos hispanico-indigenas e um memorial inédito escrito em 1765 e encontrado no Arquivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid (“Manifesto que acredita os lucros que seráo alcangados na redugáo dos indios chilenos para viver em populagáo, os meios de obtengáo e as condigóes com que se tem que praticar”).

Kinetic studies of pesticides in soil are of great importance to know the processes and parameters that govern their fate in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pH on the kinetic sorption process of four acidic herbicides, clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram and triclopyr on an Andisol, characterized by high organic matter content and acidic pH. The pseudo-second-order model appeared to fit the data better than other models (R² > 0.999). All herbicides were adsorbed rapidly during the first stage, but their adsorption was affected by pH and their chemical nature. The initial rate of reactions strongly decreased by increasing pH. The initial adsorption rates (h) and the sorption capacity of the herbicides showed the following order: fluroxypyr > triclopyr > picloram > clopyralid. At pH 4.0 the maximum amounts of fluroxypyr, triclopyr, picloram, and clopyralid adsorbed were respectively 75.2, 69.7, 40.5 and 11.7 %. The application of Elovich and Weber-Morris models suggests that mass transfer through the boundary layer and to a lesser degree intra-particle diffusion, control sorption kinetics, which appeared to be influenced by pH and chemical nature of the herbicides. The results obtained in this work suggest that soil pH and acidic character of herbicides could strongly affect the bioavailability of these herbicides on soil and their potential leaching.

Respecto de la legitimidad democrática de un gobierno se ha convertido en un lugar común sostener que la elección por los ciudadanos de un determinado conglomerado para que asuma el gobierno (principio democrático) dota a este de la legitimidad necesaria y suficiente para implementar políticas públicas que su programa o la contingencia política vayan exigiendo. La cuestión que se aborda es si la política pública tiene o no límite en los derechos humanos. En concreto, se intenta responder a la pregunta de si resulta legítima y ajustada a derecho una política pública de un gobierno democrático aunque amenace o lesione derechos sociales, económicos y culturales. Específicamente, se intenta responder a la cuestión de si es legítima y ajustada a derecho una política pública que no financie la educación superior estatal universitaria y no establezca la gratuidad de la educación superior en Chile, siendo esta una de las demandas sociales más importante en los últimos años.

Concerning to the democratic legitimacy of a government it has become a common place to hold that the election by the citizens of a particular conglomerate to assume the government (democratic principle) gives it the legitimacy necessary and sufficient to implement public policies that its program or political contingency go demanding. The issue in discussion is whether public policy has or has not limit in human rights. Specifically, it will try to answer the question of whether it is legitimate and accordance with the law a public policy of a democratic government even though it threatens or injures social, economic and cultural rights. Specifically, we attempt to answer the issue whether it is legitimate and accordance with the law a public policy which does not fund the higher education state university and neither does not establish free the higher education in Chile, which is one of the most important social demands in recent years.

Dust emissions by wind effect from mining deposits or industrial waste and passing vehicles on unpaved roads, is a problem that affects the productive activities; the environment and the health of those who remain in the contaminated area. The social sensitivity and environmental requirements on this issue in Chile have increased, as well as offering different suppressors and application technologies. Have been reviewed the causes of dust emission and technologies available in Chile for dust suppression, plus methodologies and standards for assessing the performance of the treated materials with different suppressors. In some cases it is not possible to compare performance properties such as durability, application dose and frequency of applications, among others aspects. The procedures described in the NCh 3266-2012 standard allows the assessment of wind erosion in waste deposits, vacant lots and unpaved roads, among others, along with evaluating the performance of different types of dust suppressants from comparable objective data. This allows selecting the most suitable suppressor, improve efficiency of treatments, optimize costs and improve production processes.

La emisión de polvo por efecto del viento desde depósitos de residuos mineros o industriales y el paso de vehículos en vías no pavimentadas, es un problema que afecta las actividades productivas; el ambiente y la salud de las personas que permanecen en el área contaminada. En Chile, en los últimos años la sensibilidad social y las exigencias ambientales han aumentado, así como la oferta de diferentes supresores y tecnologías de aplicación. Se han revisado las causas que provocan emisión de polvo y las tecnologías disponibles en Chile para la supresión de polvo, además de las metodologías y normativa para evaluar el desempeño de los materiales tratados con diferentes supresores. En algunos casos no es posible comparar propiedades de desempeño, como durabilidad, dosis a aplicar y frecuencia de las aplicaciones, entre otros aspectos. Los procedimientos descritos en la norma NCh3266-2012 permiten evaluar la erosión eólica en depósitos de residuos, sitios eriazos y caminos no pavimentados, entre otros, junto con evaluar el desempeño de diferentes tipos de supresores de polvo a partir de datos objetivos comparables. Esto permite seleccionar el supresor más adecuado, mejorar la eficiencia de los tratamientos, optimizar los costos y mejorar los procesos productivos.

This work studied the sorption and mobility of dimethenamid (2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide) in soil amended with liquid cow manure (LCM) at doses equivalent to 0, 100, 200 and 300 thousand L ha-1 (D0, D100, D200 and D300 respectively). For the batch sorption study the amended soils were previously incubated for 30 days under controlled conditions. The mobility was evaluated under field conditions, determining the herbicide retained in different soil profiles and its concentration in soil solutions sampled with ceramic suction cups. Application of LCM at the two lowest doses (D100 and D200) did not modify dimethenamid adsorption, however adsorption increased at D300 (Kfoc = 62.1) as compared with D0 (Kfoc = 42.3). This result could be explained by the higher content of dissolved organic matter in D300, since the addition of LCM does not change the organic matter content in the soil. The results of the field trials showed that D300 adsorbed the highest amount of dimethenamid in the upper layer of soil, and that the amount of dimethenamid in leachates was lower than that of D0. The results showed that high doses of amendment contribute to higher herbicide retention in the topsoil, reducing leaching.

Objetivo. Medir los parámetros productivos de hembras Holstein-Friesian desde el destete hasta los 470 días de edad, comparando la alimentación con ensilado de caña de azúcar (ECA) y ensilado de maíz (EM) en una proporción forraje concentrado de 70:30. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 28 becerras, con una edad promedio de 80±16 días y un peso inicial de 79.5±12.9 kg. Se utilizó la prueba de comparación de medias T- Student, donde se dividieron las becerras en dos grupos de 14, uno para cada tratamiento. Cada 30 días se midió el peso corporal, PC (kg); altura a la cruz, AC (cm); condición corporal, CC (escala de 1 a 5); ganancia diaria de peso, GDP (kg); y conversión alimenticia, CA (kg). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias entre los tratamientos, donde las vaquillas alimentadas con ECA mostraron mejor CC (3.12), CA (7.4) en comparación con el tratamiento EM. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la GDP (0.666 y 0.743 kg/d). Conclusiones. La alimentación basada en ensilaje de caña de azúcar permite una mejora en la condición corporal y en la conversión alimenticia de los animales teniendo con esto un comportamiento productivo aceptable y económicamente rentable en la crianza de reemplazos lecheros.

Objective. Measure the productive parameters of Holstein-Friesian females from weaning to 470 days old, comparing feeding through sugarcane silage (SCS) and corn silage (CS) in a concentrated fodder ratio of 70:30. Materials and methods. Twenty-eight post-weaning calves were used, with an average age of 80±16 days old and an initial weight of 79.5±12.9 kg. The T-Student test was used for the comparison of means, where calves were divided into two groups of 14, one for each treatment. The body weight BW (kg), wither height WH (cm), body condition BC (1 to 5 scale), daily weight gain DWG (kg) and feed conversion FC (kg) was measured every 30 days. Results. Differences were found between treatments, where heifers fed with SCS showed better BC (3.12), FC (7.4) as compared to the CS treatment. No significant differences were found in terms of DWG (0.666 and 0.743 kg/d). Conclusions. Feeding based on sugarcane silage allows for an improved body condition and feed conversion of animals having with this an acceptable and cost-effective production performance in the raising of dairy replacements.

The effect of liquid cow manure (LCM) on dimethenamid persistence was studied using amended soils with various stabilization times and LCM doses corresponding to specific field applications. Soils were amended with LCM doses equivalent to 100,000, 200,000, and 300,000 L ha-1. Dimethenamid (2-chloro-N-(2, 4-dimethyl-3-thienyl]-N-[2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) was applied in a field dose. The study was conducted under controlled conditions using an Andisol without the prior application of the herbicide and LCM. Respiratory activity, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) activity, and residual dimethenamid were measured within a specific time period. The respiratory activity and FDA studies showed that LCM-amended soils were stabilized after 20 days in incubation and displayed no significant differences after applying dimethenamid. The half-life (t1/2) of dimethenamid in soil was 28 days; however, in LCM-amended soils, the half-life ranged from 13 to 21 days. In the amended soil, the t1/2 decreased significantly to 13 days in soils that contained the highest levels of LCM at 10 days of pre-incubation. The results show that both the dose and stabilization time of LCM-amended soils change the half-life of dimethenamid. Larger LCM doses are not recommended for field application. Dimethema-nid should be applied 20 days after the soil amendment to increase dimethenamid efficacy.

In Chile, Fusarium root rot reduces red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) pasture yield and persistence. Fusarium oxysporum (Schlect.) is the most prevalent pathogen in diseased red clover plant roots. Agronomic management of red clover includes applying herbicides such as MCPA, 2,4-DB, flumetsulam, bentazon, and haloxyfop-methyl. In addition to weed control, herbicides can modify disease development, generally as a result of the interaction between direct effects on the pathogen and indirect effects via plant-mediated responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of these herbicides on in vitro growth of F. oxysporum at four application rates 0, 50, 100, and 200% at the field-recommended active ingredient rate. Herbicides were amended on Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) and buffer MUB (tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane). Fusarium oxysporum was cultivated at 22°C for 25 days and colony area was measured every 5 days. The herbicides MCPA and Flumetsulam had no effect on fungal growth. 2,4-DB showing an inverse dose effect on fungal growth varying between 16 and 35% at the end of the experimental period. The contact herbicide Bentazon exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on F. oxysporum development by the application of the field recommended rate, with a 54% decrease with regard to the control at the end of the experiment. Haloxyfop-methyl showed the highest colony stimulation since 15 days after of the application, increasing 29% the colony area respect to the control at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that applying some herbicides to red clover could affect soil pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, increasing or inhibiting its development.

Atrazine, a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds of different crops, was incorporated in ethylcellulose controlled release formulations (CRFs) by using the solvent evaporation technique. Allophanic clays and nanoclays were incorporated as matrix modifying agents. The formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their behavior was determined in aqueous phase. Dissipation studies and soil columns experiments with CRFs were also carried out, and compared with commercial formulations (CFs). In addition, a short-term bioassay was performed to evaluate the effect of CRFs and CFs on the emergence and growth of field mustard (Brassica campestris L.) under greenhouse conditions. The matrix modifiers (clays and nanoclays) showed little influence on the particle morphology and atrazine encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, these matrix modifiers had a slight effect on the atrazine release into water, its dissipation and its behavior in soil compared with the formulation without them. All CRFs increased the atrazine herbicidal activity and reduced their loss by leaching in soil. Although some similarities were found in the efficiency to reduce the seedling emergence between CRFs and CFs, a greater death of seedlings was observed in the CRFs, especially when nanoclays were added into the formulation. These facts denote an advantage of CRFs over CFs due to prolonged bio-efficiency, and longer applications intervals will be produced, minimizing the harmful impact on the environment.

Planktonic siphonophores sampled out near Easter Island during May 1992 were studied. Samples were taken with Bongo nets towed horizontally during 10 minutes between 5 and 10 meters of depth. A total of 15 species were identified, all of them are first records for the region. The most abundant species was Chelophyes contorta (43%), with a maximum density of 135 ind./1000 m³, followed by Bassia bassensis (23%). Other species were scarce and their relative abundance was in all cases lower than 10%

Se analizan los sifonóforos colectados en muestras planctónicas superficiales alrededor de isla de Pascua en mayo de 1992. Se identificó un total de 15 especies de sifonóforos calicóforos, todos ellos registrados por primera vez para esa región insular. La especie más abundante fue Chelophyes contorta (43%), con una densidad máxima de 135 ind./1000 m³, seguida de Bassia bassensis (23%). Las especies restantes fueron escasas y su abundancia relativa fue inferior al 10%

Diverse reproductive aspects of the squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) from the coast off Concepción (Chile), are described. This species is one of the main crustacean fisheries of the country. Fifteen cruises were conducted in this zone between August 1988 and October 1989, with a total of 250 tows of 30 min. long each. Catches were taken with bottom trawls over predetermined stations at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 m depth. Within this period a total of 147,871 specimens: 81,978 males (56.4%) and 65.893 females (44.6%), were analyzed. Carrying females totalized 26,632 individuals, making an 18.0% of the total sample. Cephalothoraxic length (Lc) ranged in both sexes between 7.1 and 52.8 mm. Monthly total sexual proportions fluctuated between 35.6 and 67.9% in males. Males were in general the dominant sex both in monthly samples by zone and totals. Reproduction was found to occur once a year. Highest incidence of carrying females occurred between May and October. Sexual maturity in 50% of the females is reached at 25.6 mm of Lc. Eggs diameter varied between 0.47 and 0.78 mm, showing a size increment as a function of the advance of the embryonic development between 90 and 120 days. Hatching of eggs occurred between June and October. The reproductive potential fluctuated between 1,808 and 33,966 eggs, in specimens between 22.0 and 43.9 mm. Of the models used to fit the length (Lc) and fecundity (NTH) relationship, the power model explained best this relationship: NTH = 0.015*Lc3.844. The major offspring contribution to the population (55%), was produced by females between 25 and 29 mm of Lc

Se describen diversos aspectos reproductivos del langostino colorado (Pleuroncodes monodon) frente a la costa de Concepción (Chile), donde esta especie constituye una de las principales pesquerías de crustáceos del país. En esta zona se realizaron 15 cruceros entre agosto de 1988 y octubre de 1989, con 250 lances de 30 min de duración cada uno. Las capturas se efectuaron con redes de arrastre de fondo, en estaciones predefinidas a 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 y 300 m de profundidad. En este período se analizó un total de 147.871 ejemplares; 81.978 machos (56,4%) y 65.893 hembras (44,6%). Las hembras ovíferas totalizaron 26.632 individuos, con el 18,0% de la muestra total. Las longitudes cefalotorácicas (Lc) estuvieron comprendidas en ambos sexos entre 7,1 y 52,8 mm. La proporción sexual total fluctuó con porcentajes mensuales que variaron entre 35,6 y 67,9% en los machos, siendo en general predominante este sexo tanto en las muestras mensuales por zona y totales. Se determinó que la reproducción ocurre una vez al año, con mayor incidencia de hembras ovíferas entre mayo y octubre. La talla en que el 50% de las hembras alcanza la madurez sexual fue de 25,6 mm de Lc. El diámetro de los huevos varió entre 0,47 y 0,78 mm, apreciándose un incremento de tamaño en función del avance del desarrollo embrionario. Este comprendió entre 90 y 120 días y la eclosión de los huevos se produjo entre junio y octubre. El potencial reproductivo fluctuó entre 1.808 y 33.966 huevos, en ejemplares comprendidos entre 22,0 y 43,9 mm. De los modelos utilizados para ajustar la relación talla (Lc) y fecundidad (NTH), el modelo de poder explicó mejor esta relación: NTH = 0,015*Lc3,844. La mayor contribución de nuevas crías a la población (55%), la realizaron las hembras comprendidas entre 25 y 29 mm de Lc

Sex identification of the edible sea urchin Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782), is difficult if not done in a laboratory, therefore most of the studies on this resource does not consider sexes separately. This paper describes a simple methodology to identify sex of the sea urchin, enabling the estimation of fishery-biological parameters separately for males and females. Through the described procedures, it is possible to separate by sex the length frequency distributions from samples taken without differentiating males from females. This procedure becomes specially useful when sexes show differences in growth or mortality.

La identificación del sexo en el erizo comestible Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782), es difícil de realizar si no se realiza un análisis de laboratorio, lo que motiva que en la mayoría de las investigaciones efectuadas sobre este recurso se consideren ambos sexos en conjunto. En el presente artículo se describe una metodología simple para establecer el sexo en el erizo, lo que permite obtener parámetros biológico-pesqueros en forma separada para machos y hembras. A través de los procedimientos que se describen, es posible separar las distribuciones de frecuencias de tallas obtenidas en los muestreos, sin diferenciar el sexo, en las correspondientes a machos y hembras. Este procedimiento es especialmente útil cuando los sexos presentan diferencias de crecimiento o mortalidad.